Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that cannot be translated into proteins. Common regulatory ncRNAs include miRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, piRNA, and so on. There are many ways for non-coding RNAs to function. They can interact with proteins, DNA and RNA, and participate in various cellular activities. Increasing experimental datas proved that they play regulatory roles in many biological processes such as gene silencing, cell differentiation, protein synthesis and functional regulation, metabolic regulation, organ development, etc.
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a kind of endogenous ncRNA with regulatory function found in eukaryotes, which is about 20 to 25 nucleotides in length. miRNAs are evolutionarily conserved and abundant in variety, and do not encode proteins. However, they play the crucial roles in regulating gene expression. miRNAs specifically bind to complementary regions within messenger RNAs (mRNAs), leading to its degradation or translational inhibition. miRNAs are widely involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation, and plays a key role in gene experiments.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides. They are byproducts of RNA polymerase II transcription and regulate gene expression at various levels, including epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional regulation. LncRNAs have become a research hotspot in genetics.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNA molecules that lack a 5' cap and a 3' poly(A) tail and form a circular structure with covalent bonds. Distinct from traditional linear RNAs, circRNAs possess a closed circular structure and are abundantly present in the eukaryotic transcriptome. The majority of circRNAs are composed of exon sequences and exhibit conservation across different species, as well as tissue-specific and expression patterns of developmental stage-specific.
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